Spectroscopy

Spectroscopy in chromatography is used as a powerful detection and identification tool for separated chemical compounds. After the chromatographic process separates components in a mixture, spectroscopy techniques—such as UV-Vis, infrared (IR), or mass spectrometry (MS)—can analyze the individual peaks in the chromatogram. These methods work by measuring the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and the analyte molecules, providing information on their structure, concentration, and sometimes molecular weight. For example, UV-Vis detectors measure light absorption at specific wavelengths, helping identify compounds with chromophores, while IR spectroscopy provides detailed information about functional groups. Mass spectrometry is especially valuable in chromatography because it gives precise molecular mass and fragmentation patterns, enabling structural elucidation. The combination of chromatography with spectroscopy, such as in GC-MS (gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) or LC-MS (liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry), enhances both qualitative and quantitative analysis. This synergy allows for highly sensitive, accurate, and reliable chemical analysis in fields like pharmaceuticals, environmental testing, and food safety.